Asthma results from a spasm of the muscles that control the opening and closing of the air passages in the lungs, whereas bronchitis is an inflammation of the air passages, usually accompanied by congestion and sometimes by infection as well. It is of course possible to suffer from both at the same time, and some remedies effective for asthma may be effective in congestive bronchitis also.

For centuries herbalists have employed plants with fairly powerful properties, such as Ephedra, Datura and Lobelia species, for treating asthma. (It was from Ephedra that the ephidrene and nor-ephidrene of modern anti-asthmatic drugs were first obtained.) These plants, however, can be extremely dangerous and should not be used other than by trained personnel.

To relieve spasmodic asthma:

3 parts Angelica root

3 parts Coltsfoot leaves

2 parts Cramp Bark

2 parts Skullcap herb

1 part Thyme herb

1 part Peppermint leaves

Combined decoction and infusion: 1/2-1 cup as required, not to exceed 3 cups per day

Thyme herb

Infusion: 1/2-1 cup as required, not to exceed 3 cups per day

Externally, some dried herbs can be smoked as cigarettes for relief from asthma. The main herbs used are Coltsfoot and/or Mullein, to which a small amount of Rosemary is sometimes added. These can also be prepared as an infusion or inhalation.

For bronchitis or bronchitic asthma:

2 parts Coltsfoot leaves

2 parts Horehound leaves

2 parts Angelica root

2 parts Mullein leaves

1 part Anise seed

1 part Thyme herb

Prepare an infusion of the above herbs and with each cupful also eat 1 fresh Garlic clove chopped and mixed with honey. Dosage: 3 cups of the infusion and 3 Garlic cloves per day. (The Garlic clove may be replaced by a Garlic Oil capsule if desired.)

Among kitchen spices usually on hand, a hot infusion or inhalation of Thyme and/or Anise will usually bring relief to bronchitis sufferers. The essential oils of several aromatic plants will also help – a few drops can be sprinkled on a handkerchief and inhaled from time to time, or added to near-boiling water and inhaled beneath a towel 3 or 4 minutes at a time, 3 times per day. Thyme, Pine, Eucalyptus and Lavender are all effective. With inhalation the volatile oils are taken directly into the lungs and bronchial passages, where their decongestant and antibacterial action is most needed.

*84/66/5*

Constipation

Where constipation is due to a lack of dietary fibre the best course of action is to increase fibre intake by eating whole-meal bread and cereals, fresh fruit and vegetables.

Where constipation is due to stress or anxiety — many people become constipated when they travel or are worried about something — relaxation therapy with nervine or antispasmodic herbs may be more appropriate and more effective. In fact anything which helps one to relax can be useful in treating ‘nervous constipation’: a hot bath, listening to music, a long walk, a day off work, etc.

1 part Dandelion root

1 part Yellow Dock root

1 part Fennel seed

1 part Liquorice root

1 part Marshmallow root

Decoction: 3 cups per days

1 part Dandelion root

1 part Yellow Dock root

Decoction: 3 cups per day

Plantain seed (or Psyllium seed)

Decoction (do not strain): drink 3 cups per day

1 part Liquorice root

1 part Anise seed

1 part Valerian root

2 parts Chickweed herb

Infusion: 3 cups per day

One simple but highly effective remedy is to wash 5 or 6 dried figs and soak them overnight in a bowl of water: eat the figs first thing in the morning, drinking the water as well.

Diarrhoea

4 parts Blackberry root bark

1 part Cinnamon bark

Decoction: up to 3 cups per day, in small doses

Blackberry leaves

Decoction: 3 or 4 cups per day, taken between meals

Cinnamon bark

Decoction: 1 cup an hour before meals

 

4 parts Cinnamon bark (powdered)

1 part Ginger root (powdered)

Dissolve 1-5 grams of the above in hot water or milk: up to 3 cups per day, in small doses

 

Yarrow herb

Raspberry leaves

Meadowsweet herb

Plantain leaves

Vervain leaves

Mullein leaves

Comfrey root

Marshmallow root

Infusion of any of the above, alone or in combination: up to 3 cups per day, in small doses

*67/66/5*

Capsella bursa-pastoris

Action: Haemostatic, styptic, vasoconstrictor, uterine tonic, astringent, diuretic.

Systems Affected: Heart, circulation, lungs, stomach, intestines, kidneys, bladder, uterus. Preparation and Dosage (thrice daily): Fresh or dried flowering plant, dose 2-5 grams by infusion or decoction.

Shepherd’s Purse grows wild in temperate zones throughout the world. It will flourish and set seed in the poorest soil, though it may only attain a height of 10 centimeters or so. In rich soil it luxuriates and grows to 40 or 50 centimeters. Both the botanical and common names allude to the strange shape of the fruit pod, similar to the purses or pouches once hung from their belts by shepherds. Its medicinal properties have long been known and used by different cultures.

The herb acts as a vasoconstrictor and with its haemostatic properties it is considered by herbalists one of the best herbs for stopping haemorrhages of all kinds — of the stomach, lungs, kidneys or uterus. The plant has a definite effect on the uterus and is considered a specific for excessive menstruation.

To check excessive menstrual discharge and for haemorrhages: 15 to 25 grams of the fresh plant in 500 ml of water; simmer until reduced by a third and then strain; one cupful every 2 hours (in most cases bleeding is arrested after the first or second cupful).

To regularize menstruation and reduce menstrual pain (especially at puberty or menopause): 3 or 4 cupfuls per day of the decoction during the ten days preceding the expected date of menstruation.

For disturbances of the circulation (varicose veins, haemorrhoids and hypertension) and inflammation of the mucosae (respiratory, digestive or urinary): 2 to 3 cupfuls per day of the decoction for three weeks; repeat if necessary after suspending treatment for two weeks.

Shepherd’s Purse is also used to treat chronic diarrhoea and dysentery and as an external application in rheumatism. A strong decoction of the fresh or dried plant is used for its styptic and vulnerary action on external wounds, and the decoction or fresh juice is inserted on cotton wool to check bleeding from the nose.

Some authorities consider the fresh plant more active than the dried plant, but it may be used in either form. The leaves of the young plant are eaten as a vegetable in many countries.

*50/66/5*

Humulus lupulus

Action: Sedative, antispasmodic.

Systems Affected: Nerves, digestive system.

Preparation and Dosage (thrice daily): Dried fruit (strobiles) of the female plant, dose 1-2 grams by infusion.

The Hop plant, native to northern temperate zones, is a dioecious vine which climbs up to 6 meters in height. Cultivated in Europe since mediaeval times for the manufacture of beer (to which it lends aroma and flavor plus digestive and sedative qualities), it also has a long history of use as a herbal sedative.

The plant, propagated from cuttings taken in early summer, bears both male and female flowers, the latter developing into cone-like heads of yellow-green scales covered with a resinous yellow dust known as lupulin. These cones (or strobiles) are collected before maturity in late summer to mid-autumn and dried with a gentle heat, ready for medicinal use or brewing.

Hops are employed alone or in combination with other herbs for insomnia and anxiety or restlessness. They are specific for restlessness associated with tension headache and/or nervous indigestion. They are often combined with Valerian for insomnia and with Chamomile for nervous indigestion.

Hops have some tendency to relieve pain and are of benefit in nervous spasms, neuralgia, priapism, period pain and mucous colitis.

Three cupfuls of the infusion per day, taken before meals, acts as a general tonic for convalescents. One cupful taken after meals is of benefit in slow and difficult digestion.

Externally Hops have an antibacterial action and are applied to poorly-healing wounds or ulcers.

In parts of Britain a pillow filled with Hops was a traditional remedy for sleeplessness.

*33/66/5*

 

Capsicum frutescens

Synonym, C. minimum

Action: Stimulant, antispasmodic, carminative, diaphoretic, externally rubefacient and antiseptic.

Systems Affected: Heart, circulation, stomach, intestines, nerves, general effects on the whole body.

Preparation and Dosage (thrice daily): Dried fruit (cut or powdered), dose 0.05-0.5 grams by infusion.

The genus Capsicum includes red and green chili peppers, cayenne, paprika and bell peppers. Of American origin, their use as a food and medicine by the natives of the West Indies was first observed by Europeans during the second voyage of Columbus to the Americas in 1494.

Today there are numerous varieties in cultivation, varying in shape, size, colour, flavour and degree of pungency. Although the origin of the cultivated varieties is uncertain, authorities believe they all come from one original species. For this reason the botanical classification of these plants is somewhat confused.

The Cayenne or Tabasco Pepper was classified by Roxburgh as Capsicum minimum but is generally known as C. frutescens. Traditionally from Cayenne in French Guiana, it is now widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries. It is the species used medicinally, and which is official in many national pharmacopoeias, but any of the extremely hot peppers may be substituted to much the same effect. Widely available as a kitchen spice, it is usually sold in powder form as Cayenne or Tabasco Pepper.

Cayenne is noted for its ability to stimulate and regulate the circulation of the blood throughout the whole body.

Exceedingly prompt in effect, after entering the stomach it immediately influences the heart, then .extends its effects to the arteries, capillaries, veins and nerves. In equalizing blood-flow throughout the body, the pulse is strengthened but is not increased in frequency.

Because of its prompt effects, Cayenne is an excellent crisis herb, useful as a first aid remedy in most situations. It is also able to carry and disperse other herbs more rapidly through the system, and for this reason a small amount is sometimes included as a supplementary ingredient in herbal formulas.

The herb is useful for a variety of conditions: a quarter of a teaspoon is taken three times a day as a daily tonic for the heart and circulation, stabilizing blood pressure, alleviating heart problems and palpitations; its warming, stimulant qualities are excellent for colds, flu, diminished vitality and insufficient peripheral circulation (cold hands and feet); its warming and antispasmodic properties are useful in cases of stomach cramp, flatulence and colic, especially where there is a lack of tone in the digestive organs because of old age or debility; a mild infusion is an excellent treatment for sore throat and chronic laryngitis.

Externally, the herb is applied as a compress or ointment to sprains, bruises, neuralgia, lumbago, rheumatic pain and unbroken chilblains; applied to minor cuts and wounds it is antiseptic and haemostatic.

For bleeding, the noted American herbalist Dr John R. Christopher says:

A hemorrhage occurs in the lungs, stomach, uterus, or nose — flowing fast — just take a teaspoonful of cayenne in a glass of extra-warm water, drink it down, and by the count of ten the bleeding will stop. Instead of all the pressure being centralized, it is equalized, and the clotting becomes more rapid. Whether the bleeding is internal or external, a teaspoon of cayenne taken orally in a glass of hot water will stop the bleeding quickly.

The same remedy, 1 teaspoon of Cayenne in a glass of water and taken as often as every fifteen minutes if necessary, has been used with excellent results for all kinds of emergency problems, including heart attack, shock from injury or accident, fainting, seizure, cramp and spasm.

For cold feet, sprinkle a small amount of Cayenne powder inside your shoes or socks. When exposed to cold and damp for any length of time, take warming herbs such as Cayenne or Ginger as a daily tonic.

A little Cayenne combined with Plantain and applied as a poultice has remarkable powers in drawing out any splinter or foreign object embedded in the flesh.

Cautionary Notes: Cayenne should not be used where there is any inflammation of the gastro-intestinal system, and should not be employed in large doses on a continuing basis.

*16/66/5*

The average homosexual offender vs. adults was twenty-nine years old at the time of the offense that led to his conviction for this type of sexual behavior. Of all the comparative groups, fewest of these offenders had ever married: 80 per cent were never married, 6 per cent were married at the time, and 14 per cent were separated, divorced, or widowed.

For about three fifths of the men this was their first sex-offense conviction; they were less inclined than the other homosexual offenders to prior sex-offense convictions—probably because their sexual partners were of a more suitable age. Furthermore, since they are the most homosexually oriented group, the probabilities of offenses against females are proportionately reduced. It was the second sex-offense conviction for nearly one fifth of the men, as contrasted to over one quarter of the homosexual offenders vs. minors and one third of the homosexual offenders vs. children. For close to 8 per cent it was their third, for 4 per cent their fourth, and for 7 per cent their fifth or more. This latter figure is high compared with the other homosexual groups, and the explanation is that the homosexual offender vs. adults is frequently convicted for soliciting and simply pays a fine or receives a suspended sentence. This essentially mild punishment has little lasting deterrent effect, although it breeds caution. The offenders vs. minors or children are often not treated as misdemeanants, but as felons; their convictions take them out of circulation for lengthy periods of time.

Consequently, it is more difficult for them to accumulate records of five or more sex-offense convictions.

About 4 per cent seem to have had serious mental problems prior to the offense. This is a comparatively moderate figure, and less than that of the other homosexual offenders.

Use of narcotics at the time of the offense was so rare as to be insignificant, and of the four men involved none were using “heavy” drugs such as morphine or heroin. Alcohol played a small role: 15 per cent were drunk at the time and another 9 per cent mildly intoxicated. These figures are moderate to somewhat low compared to those of other sex offenders.

Seldom—in 3 per cent of the cases, to be exact—were more than two males involved. Group activity is not a feature of these offenses.

Of all die sex offenses, homosexual offenses vs. adults appear to be the most premeditated. Compared to heterosexuality, homosexuality is a minority phenomenon, and consequently unsought and unexpected opportunity occurs less often. True, the cruising homosexual may meet a partner by chance, but it is more than likely that he was searching and hoping that chance would reward his quest. Moreover, since the taboo concerns him, the homosexual is less likely than the heterosexual to drift unwittingly into sexual situations; he is generally alert to nuances and minor clues.

Most of the offenses (34 per cent) took place in residences, and next most often in public toilets (21 per cent), where adult solicitation and contact are common. Third rank (19 per cent) was out-of-doors, and automobiles were fourth.

We lack the precise ages for a large proportion of the partners of these homosexual offenders, but for the 53 per cent for whom this data is available the average age was eighteen. Allowance must be made for a small bias here in that there may well have been a tendency to comment on the partner’s age only if he were young. Some three fifths of the partners were strangers to the offenders, 7 per cent were acquaintances, and nearly one third were friends. The high percentage of strangers reflects the promiscuous nomadic habits so common in predominantly homosexual adult males.

A full fifth of the convictions did not stem from physical contact; most of these were cases of solicitation. When contact did occur, fellation was the commonest technique, being present in 55 per cent of the cases. Manual genital stimulation ranked second (26 per cent), nongenital petting third (9 per cent, chiefly instances where the contact was interrupted before genital stimulation took place), and anal coitus was fourth (6 per cent). An additional 3.5 per cent consisted of a combination of fellation and anal coitus. These percentages are quite similar to those of the homosexual offenders vs. minors.

In ascertaining the cooperation or resistance of the adult object of the offense we can utilize only those cases where relevant information was available both from the offender and from the official record. Only 152 such cases are available, but in these 93 per cent are agreed that the solicited male was encouraging or at least passive, and 5 percent agree that he objected. In 2 per cent of the cases the official record reports resistance, while the offender claims that he was encouraged. All in all, the great majority of homosexual contacts between adults take place with mutual consent; homosexual rape is rare and usually confined to prisons and hobo jungles. In only 3 per cent of our total of 292 homosexual offenses vs. adults was there physical duress; in these eight cases severe force was employed in four. We have no instance where a homosexual relationship with an adult was compelled by threat alone.

As far as the probability of arrest is concerned we lack sufficient data in one fifth of the cases to make a judgment. In the remainder a full quarter of the offenses were so discreet that arrest was unlikely; in about three fifths it was possible but not probable; and in 15 per cent of the offenses the behavior was so foolish or flagrant that arrest was very probable.

The generally reasonable precautions taken by homosexual offenders vs. adults are reflected in the small number of instances that were reported by the object (11 per cent), his friends or relatives (9 per cent), or witnesses (5 per cent). The offenders obviously chose places and persons they considered safe. However, they underestimated the activity of the police, which accounted for over two thirds of the arrests. Slightly over one third of the offenses were seen by the police, not infrequently from some vantage point where they were on watch. Nearly one fifth were discovered by the police in the process of other investigations. Lastly, one fifth of the offenses stemmed from unequivocal entrapment: a plainclothes man or a person employed by or persuaded by the police made himself available for homosexual solicitation and in more cases than not encouraged it. When a homosexual male made an approach he was usually permitted to make a physical contact or to become verbally specific about his desires, and at this point he was arrested by the “bait” or by police or detectives waiting nearby.

Here we must point out that entrapment breeds many impostors who go through the procedure, “arrest” the offender, and subsequently extort money from him to “forget the case” or to “fix” law-enforcement officials. Some of these impostors are remarkably bold, sometimes putting the “arrested” man in a car and driving him to the precinct station where he is offered a last chance to pay them off—a chance that is virtually always accepted.

Slightly over three quarters of the offenders, a figure both absolutely and relatively large, fully confessed their behavior to the authorities. Some 85 per cent admitted it to us; no other group gave us as many full admissions of guilt, although the homosexual offenders vs. minors were only a few percentage points behind. Qualified admissions accounted for 5 to 6 per cent, and 2 per cent claimed they were so drunk or upset at the time of offense that they could neither admit nor deny their behavior. Sixteen per cent denied the offense to the authorities, and slightly less than half as many did so to us. It is interesting that almost the same percentage of heterosexual offenders vs. adults denied their offense behavior to the authorities as did these homosexual offenders, even though the latter were arrested for more taboo behavior. One often has the impression that the homosexual offender, faced at last with the catastrophe he has always dreaded, is almost relieved to drop the cloak of secrecy and say, “Yes, I’m homosexual: do with me what you will.”

In terms of legal plea, 78 per cent pleaded guilty, nearly 19 per cent not guilty, and the remainder made no plea but threw themselves upon the mercy of the court.

*214\161\2*

The premarital coital history of the homosexual offenders vs. children is one of a slow increase with ultimately 75 per cent (the second smallest proportion) having had premarital coitus by the age at which they were interviewed. The median individual was thirty-six years old at interview.

Like all homosexual offenders, these men have low age-specific incidence figures for premarital coitus with companions. Usually they rank third or fourth lowest with from 52 to 69 per cent of them reporting such coitus within any five-year age-period between ages sixteen and thirty-five. The age-specific incidence of premarital coitus with prostitutes is also small, which is typical of all homosexual offenders. After age fifteen only about one quarter to one third of these still unmarried offenders had recourse to prostitutes within any five-year age-period.

In comparison to other groups a greater reliance upon prostitutes rather than companions is seen in the frequencies of premarital coitus. In coitus with companions they display low to intermediate frequencies (the median being around once every three weeks or slightly less) but in coitus with prostitutes they rank high: the average (median) homosexual offender vs. children is third between ages sixteen and twenty (once every seven weeks) and first between twenty-one and thirty (almost once in three weeks). Between twenty-six and thirty they are the only ones whose average (median) coital frequency with prostitutes exceeds that with companions.

A study of the average number of the premarital coital partners reveals that the homosexual offenders vs. children exceed the control group in numbers of both types: companions and prostitutes. In the number of prostitutes with whom they had premarital coitus they tie for fourth place (16 prostitutes) with the incest offenders vs. adults. This ranking is due to the fact that so many homosexual offenders vs. children remained unmarried that they had more years of premarital life available in which to build up the number of prostitute partners. Why did they not correspondingly accumulate a relatively large number of nonprostitute partners (companions)? First, nonhomosexually inclined individuals built up such a massive “lead” in the number of coital companions that even with their longer lives as single men the homosexual offenders vs. children could not surpass them. Second, men who subscribe to the old “good girl vs. bad girl” moral dichotomy (as do the incest offenders) or men who find it difficult to establish sexual relationships with ordinary females (as do the exhibitionists, heterosexual offenders vs. children, and homosexual offenders) tend to depend in premarital life more on prostitutes than upon companions for sexual outlet. The predominantly homosexual male is, moreover, not infrequently apt to go to a prostitute in the hope that this will help “cure” his homosexuality, or to prove to himself or others that he is heterosexually functional, or out of simple curiosity.

While more given to heterosexual activity than the other homosexual offenders, the homosexual offenders vs. children derived relatively small proportions of their total orgasms from premarital coitus with companions. They always are found near the bottom of the rank-orders with figures ranging from 5 to 14 per cent. The proportion of total outlet drawn from premarital coitus with prostitutes is also small, never exceeding 10 per cent.

As one might expect, one of the major factors that inhibited premarital coitus was a lack of interest in heterosexuality: the homosexual offenders rank first, second, and third in a rank-order of the percentages of those who gave this as their principal reason. Forty-nine per cent (third in rank-order) of the homosexual offenders vs. children reported disinterest. It at first appears odd that they also rank high in reporting moral considerations (fourth, with 30 per cent), fear of pregnancy (second, with 17 per cent), and fear of public opinion (fourth, with 12 per cent) as being important inhibiting factors. This, on further consideration, is not so strange: a person trained to look upon premarital coitus as sinful and ruinous to one’s reputation is apt to have a restrained premarital coital history, and this attitude and restraint combined might predispose him toward homosexuality. As we have said before, society through its efforts to discourage premarital heterosexual activity automatically fosters homosexuality.

*172\161\2*

About one fifth of the incest offenders vs. children had had sexual contact with animals; they are in fifth place in the rank-order of incidence. In age-specific incidence, the percentage with animal contact within a given age-period, these offenders begin with a moderate 10 per cent, but in the next two age-periods, 16-20 and 21-25, they rank second with 10 and 6 per cent respectively. In the next age-period, 26-30, none of these men had animal contacts. While having a larger proportion rural (40 per cent) than most groups they are much less rural than the other incest offenders who unexpectedly display lower incidences of animal contact. A moderate number reported masturbation fantasy (6 per cent) or dream content (4 per cent) involving sexual activity with animals.

In keeping with the fact that these offenders are less rural than the other incest offenders, their proportion of total sexual outlet derived from animal contact is always distinctly smaller.

*130\161\2*

The heterosexual aggressors vs. minors are adult males convicted of sexual contact, accompanied by force or threat, with females aged twelve to fifteen who were not their daughters. The majority of the females had reached puberty, and a substantial number of them had developed the physical attributes that are considered sexually attractive in our society. The aggressors vs. minors are like the offenders vs. minors except that they resorted to physical force or intimidation in order to achieve the sexual contact.

In some ways the twelve- to fifteen-year-old girl is peculiarly liable to force or threat. She is old enough to be physically attractive and yet not old enough to have learned to avoid or escape potentially dangerous situations. Whereas an older woman has learned to regard all men with some suspicion and to recognize quickly when a situation is developing sexual overtones, the twelve- to fifteen-year-old is usually naive. In her conscious or unconscious mimicry of the behaviorisms of adult females, the young girl often is more sexually provocative than she realizes. As we mentioned previously in the section on offenders vs. minors, the twelve- to fifteen-year-old girl frequently wishes to give the impression that she is older and more sophisticated than she actually is, and this can easily lead to a situation wherein the older male, in a mixture of erotic arousal and anger, does not permit the girl to “back out” at the eleventh hour. A part of masculine folklore is the concept that a female who promises but does not fulfill her promise deserves to be forced; a curiously righteous note prevails to the effect that a “teaser” should be “taught a lesson” as punishment.

On the other hand, the wholly ingenuous girl may cause herself difficulties by continuing childish behavior inappropriate to her physical development. The girl who at ten engaged in happy rough-and-tumble with the fifteen-year-old boy next door may be surprised when at thirteen she finds her eighteen-year-old neighbor is turning the wrestling match into a sexual struggle. Teasing the old trash collector in the alley into giving her a mock spanking at age ten may, if repeated in the early teens, elicit an unwanted and unexpected sexual response. Their naivete makes such artless girls all the more traumatized by any show of sexual force; they are the ones who rush home in hysterics when some male unexpectedly attempts to fondle their breasts or genitalia. An older female, generally anticipating sexual overtures from males, would be more insulted than frightened, and would extricate herself from the predicament with a slap and outraged remarks.

The male who realizes too late that what he interpreted as encouragement was nothing of the sort is in real danger if he attempts, by physical force, to detain a frightened girl in order to calm her and make his apologies. Assault with intent to rape is a charge that requires very little in the way of physical contact, and judges and juries are apt to be cynical toward the man who disclaims any intention of rape. Men, knowing themselves, are prone to assume the worst about another man charged with a sex offense.

*88\161\2*

The heterosexual offenders vs. minors were seldom the only children in the family—only 7 per cent had neither brothers nor sisters; the equivalent percentage for the control group is 10 per cent. Like the majority of the control and sex-offender groups, the offenders vs. minors were predominantly “middle children,” that is, neither the youngest nor oldest.

They are characterized by an excellent adjustment to their fathers from fourteen to seventeen, slightly better than the control group and exceeded by only two other groups. The same relatively good adjustment typifies their relations with their mothers, where once again they are superior to the control group. When asked with which parent they got along better, just over half (only one other group was higher) replied they got along equally well with both parents. The same impartiality is found also in the prison and control groups and among other sex offenders who were involved with persons age twelve or older and where no force was used.

In brief, the offender vs. minors appears to have had an almost ideal adjustment to his parents. It is noteworthy that a good relationship with parents is correlated with lack of force in the sex offense and with an object of twelve or older.

Despite the happy picture given above, over half of the offenders vs. minors came from broken homes. This is no surprise since the same is true of nearly all sex offenders and the prison group, though of only about 30 per cent of the control group. The great bulk of the breakups occurred before the boy was nine years old—which means the good parental relationship described above usually involved a stepparent.

About 64 per cent of the offenders vs. minors reported that between ages fourteen to seventeen they felt that their parents (genetic or surrogate) got along very well with one another; only one group reported a higher percentage. As in the case of the subject-parent relationship, the interparental relationship is best among sex offenders whose objects were twelve or older and who did not use force. It is interesting that parents of the heterosexual offenders vs. minors got along even slightly better than those of the average control-group individuals.

We are left, then, with a rather peculiar picture: breakup of the original family in half of the cases, usually through separation or divorce, followed by excellent parent-child and parent-parent adjustment.

It is also interesting that the offenders vs. minors tend to have spent fewer years in a home in which both a husband and wife were present than most of the other sex offenders and far fewer than the control group, although the same as the prison group. Almost 10 per cent had spent ten or more years in a household in which there was no husband; compared to other groups this is a high percentage.

Despite their ability to adjust well to their parents, the offenders vs. minors seem to have been somewhat inept at getting along with their contemporaries at ages ten to eleven. Over one third of them reported having had no girl companions during that age-period, and only about one fifth reported having had many. Nor did they seem to compensate for this by having more companions of their own sex; in this respect they were average. We shall subsequently see that this below-average situation regarding girl companions before puberty is later reversed, and that the offenders vs. minors were quite successful in establishing adult female relationships.

Their relative lack of friends, especially female friends, at ten to eleven is corroborated by the fact that they had remarkably little prepubertal sex play (47 per cent had none) either heterosexual or homosexual. The absence of sexual activity is rendered all the more striking by the fact that the offenders vs. minors tended to reach puberty at a later age than most other groups and had, in consequence, more eligible years in which to have had sex play. There was nothing unusual about the nature of what play there was or of the techniques employed. Of the small number who had prepubertal coitus a very large proportion, about three quarters, continued this activity without interruption into postpubertal life.

The offenders vs. minors are also noteworthy in that they experienced more prepubescent sexual contact with adult females than any other group. Furthermore, these contacts led to coitus in 5 per cent of die cases—a coital percentage exceeded only by one other group. Moreover, they are unique in being the only group in which the percentage that had experience with adult females (including solicitation as well as physical contact) exceeds the percentage that had experience with adult males. Ordinarily male children are approached by adult males far more often than they are approached by adult females. Excluding approaches not resulting in physical contact, the offenders vs. minors are one of the two groups who had more heterosexual than homosexual prepubertal physical contact with adults.

The high incidence of sexual relations with adult females may have predisposed this one seventh of the future offenders vs. minors to subsequent heterosexual activity with partners by far their juniors, but this hypothesis was not substantiated by the data on offenders vs. children. An alternative hypothesis—that the offenders vs. minors were, even in prepubescence, quite oriented toward heterosexual activity—is equally untenable in view of their relative lack of activity with female children their own age.

The heterosexual offenders vs. minors had, during childhood, better than average health, ranking fifth in this respect. For some unknown reason, the first five ranks are occupied by heterosexual sex offenders whose objects were aged twelve or more.

One curious feature of the heterosexual offenders vs. minors is that 22 per cent of them did not reach puberty until they were fifteen or older. This percentage, twice that of the prison group and nearly two and one-half times that of the control group, is exceeded by only two other groups. Their delayed adolescence may in part account for the high incidence of prepubescent contact with adult females (an adult female being defined as age sixteen or over and five or more years older than the prepubescent subject), since a prepubescent boy of fifteen may be following the sexual patterns of his postpubescent friends, and hence be more likely than the average prepubescent boy to be active with older females. Conversely, he could not associate with prepubescent girls, most of whom would be twelve or under, without lowering himself in the eyes of his male companions. Furthermore, parents and teachers discourage fifteen-year-old boys from associating with much younger girls. Technically his late adolescence gives the heterosexual offender vs. minors more years in which to have sex play with other prepubescents, but in actuality society tends to raise additional constraints on such play once he passes die average age of puberty.

A somewhat above-average number of heterosexual offenders vs. minors—nearly half—masturbated before puberty. This proportion far exceeds that of the control group and is near that of the prison group. Unlike the offenders vs. children, who began early, the offenders vs, minors began late: only 36 per cent of those with prepubertal masturbation started before age ten. This is the lowest percentage manifested by any group, and is in keeping with the delayed puberty typical of this group.

*46\161\2*